Fliessgewässer brauchen klimaresistente Restwassermengen

Oft fliesst unterhalb der Wasserfassungen kaum mehr Wasser in den Bächen, wie hier in der Seez im Weisstannental. (Foto: Stefan Kunz)

Die Schweizer Gewässer beherbergen eine ausgesprochen hohe biologische Vielfalt auf engem Raum. Durch Eingriffe in die Umwelt wie Wasserkraftwerke oder Begradigungen steht diese Vielfalt aber unter grossem Druck, der mit dem Klimawandel zusätzlich verstärkt wird. Deshalb braucht es genügend und an jedes Gewässer angepasstes Restwasser, um diese Ökosysteme gegen den Klimawandel zu wappnen.

April 13, 2022 – angepasste Version nach dem Beschluss Nationalrat vom 13.3.2023 (pdf)


Energiewende, Krieg und steigender Stromverbrauch führen dazu, dass die Wasserkraft in der Schweiz noch intensiver genutzt werden soll. Neu dabei ist die Forderung, die gesetzlichen Restwasservorschriften zu lockern[i]. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht sind wir besorgt, dass damit die Gewässerökosysteme und ihre Biodiversität verstärkt gefährdet würden[ii], denn über 80 Prozent der bekannten 45'000 Tier- und Pflanzenarten der Schweiz kommen in Gewässern und direkt anliegenden Gewässerräumen vor[iii]. Schon heute hat die Schweiz von allen Ländern weltweit die vierthöchste Zahl an ausgestorbenen Fischarten[iv]. 59 Prozent der verbleibenden Fischarten[v] und 62 Prozent aller untersuchten Gewässerinsekten[vi] stehen als gefährdete oder potentiell gefährdete Arten auf der Roten Liste.

 

Aktuelle Restwasserregelung beruht auf wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen

Die Eckdaten für die Bemessung von Restwassermengen basieren auf wissenschaftlichen Studien[vii], an welchen auch das Wasserforschungsinstitut Eawag beteiligt war. Nur ein Teil davon wurde, gestützt auf den Verfassungsauftrag von 1975, gesetzlich verankert. Man war sich zudem bewusst, dass die Umsetzung aufgrund der Konzessionsrechte sehr lange dauern würde. Doch genügend Restwasser ist entscheidend, damit Fische und alle anderen aquatischen Organismen überleben, sich in den Gewässern vermehren, und funktionierende Artengemeinschaften aufrechterhalten können[viii]. Der Bundesrat hat die Mindestrestwassermengen in seiner Botschaft zur Revision des Gewässerschutzgesetzes von 1991 daher als «Existenzminimum für die wichtigsten vom Gewässer abhängigen Lebensgemeinschaften» charakterisiert[ix]. Schon kurzfristiges Austrocknen ist katastrophal. Durch das Absterben von Eiern, Jungfischen oder Gewässerinsekten wird das Ökosystem immer wieder praktisch auf Null zurückgesetzt. Bei der Wiederbesiedlung haben Generalisten mit schnellem Ausbreitungspotential einen Vorteil. Spezialisiertere Arten werden verdrängt[x]. Auch genetisch kommt es zu einer ständig zunehmenden Homogenisierung der aquatischen Artengemeinschaften.

 

Die Gewässerforschung hat in Bezug auf Restwasser weltweit grosse Fortschritte gemacht. Wichtige Faktoren sind identifiziert, welche auch eine moderne Umsetzung des Schweizer Restwasserkonzepts möglich machen[xi]: Um Lebensräume und die natürliche Vielfalt der Artengemeinschaften in Bächen, Flüssen und Seen zu erhalten, braucht es erstens regelmässig wiederkehrende Hochwasserereignisse, welche die Gewässersohle aufwirbeln und einen Sedimenttransport bewirken, der wiederum zur Schaffung vielfältiger Lebensräume unabdingbar ist[xii]. Zweitens müssen besonders bei grösseren Gewässerstrecken die Restwassermengen nicht schematisch, sondern mit hydraulischen Bewertungen festgelegt werden, um jederzeit genügende Wassertiefen, benetzte Flächen und lebensfreundliche Wassertemperaturen sicherzustellen[xiii]. Und drittens muss das Ablaufen von zumeist 80 Jahre währenden Konzessionen dazu genutzt werden, die Situation neu zu beurteilen. Wird eine Konzession erteilt, müssen die Restwassermengen das Existenzminimum für aquatische Lebensgemeinschaften tatsächlich dauerhaft sichern können.

 

Der Klimawandel erfordert rasche ökologische Sanierung der Restwasserstrecken

Viel Zeit bleibt nicht. Die ökologische Sanierung der Wasserkraft ist dringend, weil der Klimawandel die Gewässer schon heute zunehmend erwärmt und den Abfluss verändert[xiv]. Nebst dem Vermeiden von unnatürlichen Schwall-Sunk-Abflüssen, der Wiederherstellung der Durchgängigkeit für Fische und einem möglichst naturnahen Geschiebetransport gehört auch die bisher aufgeschobene Erhöhung der Restwassermengen dazu. Die Wissenschaft kann ihren Beitrag zur Umsetzung leisten, denn das geltende Gesetz erlaubt, unter anderem mit Ausnahmeregeln und dem Instrument der Schutz- und Nutzungsplanung, zeitgemässe, auch an den Klimawandel angepasste Lösungen im Einklang mit der Nutzung des Wassers zur Stromproduktion. Basierend auf den neuen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen sollten daher die Fachbehörden bei Neukonzessionierungen dort wo nötig rasch höhere und dynamischere Restwassermengen verfügen. Nur so werden wir auch in Zukunft funktionierende, vielfältige und widerstandsfähige Gewässerökosysteme haben.

 

Box

Die Schweizer Restwasserregelung

Das Gewässerschutzgesetz sieht ein mehrstufiges Verfahren vor, wie ausreichende – in der Verfassung und im Gesetz heisst es «angemessene» – Restwassermengen unterhalb von Wasserableitungen sichergestellt werden. Erst wird ein absolutes Minimum (Alarmgrenze) festgelegt, basierend auf der Niederwasser-Abflussmenge Q347. Dieses muss erhöht werden, bis gewisse Bedingungen erfüllt sind, etwa eine ausreichende Wassertiefe oder die Sicherung seltener Lebensräume (Art. 31). Im dritten Schritt muss die Bewilligungsbehörde die zuvor ermittelte Wassermenge weiter erhöhen im Rahmen einer Interessenabwägung (Art. 33). Ein eigener Artikel (Art. 32) sieht diverse Ausnahmen vor, etwa für Gewässer mit geringem ökologischen Potential oder im Rahmen einer grossräumigen Schutz- und Nutzungsplanung. Das Vorgehen erlaubt es den Behörden, nebst den «Alarmgrenzen», auch dynamische Restwassermengen festzulegen, welche das natürliche Abflussregime bis zu einem gewissen Grad nachbilden. Wichtig zu wissen: Alle diese Regeln greifen nur bei neuen Kraftwerken, bzw. bei neuen Konzessionen. An vielen Orten konnten die Fachbehörden, aufgrund der lange währenden Konzessionsrechte, erst ganz kleine Restwassermengen verfügen. (ab)

 

Quellen

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[ii] Dudgeon, D. (2019). "Multiple threats imperil freshwater biodiversity in the Anthropocene." Current Biology 29(19): R960-R967.

Reid, A. J., A. K. Carlson, I. F. Creed, E. J. Eliason, P. A. Gell, P. T. J. Johnson, K. A. Kidd, T. J. MacCormack, J. D. Olden, S. J. Ormerod, J. P. Smol, W. W. Taylor, K. Tockner, J. C. Vermaire, D. Dudgeon and S. J. Cooke (2019). "Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity." Biological Reviews 94(3): 849-873.

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[iv] WWF 2021. The World’s forgotten Fishes. WWF, Gland, 48 pp.

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[ix] Botschaft zur Volksinitiative «zur Rettung unserer Gewässer» und zur Revision des Bundesgesetzes über den Schutz der Gewässer vom 29. April 1987. Bundesblatt 1987, 1061. Seite 1089 und Seite 1129

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Mims, M.C., Olden, J,D. 2012. Life history theory predicts fish assemblage response to hydrologic regimes. Ecology, 93(1), 2012, pp. 35–45

Mims, M.C., Olden, J,D. 2013. Fish assemblages respond to altered flow regimes via ecological filtering of life history strategies. Freshwater biology, 58, 50–62. doi:10.1111/fwb.12037

[xi] Acreman, M., & Dunbar, M. J. 2004. Defining environmental river flow requirements - a review. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8(5), 861-876. doi:10.5194/hess-8-861-2004

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Berthot, L., St-Hilaire, A., Caissie, D., El-Jabi, N., Kirby, J., & Ouellet-Proulx, S. 2021. Environmental flow assessment in the context of climate change: a case study in Southern Quebec (Canada). Journal of Water and Climate Change, 12(8), 3617-3633. doi:10.2166/wcc.2021.254

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Lange, K., B. Wehrli, U. Åberg, N. Bätz, J. Brodersen, M. Fischer, V. Hermoso, C. R. Liermann, M. Schmid, L. Wilmsmeier and C. Weber 2019. "Small hydropower goes unchecked." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17(5): 256-258.

[xii] Schälchli U.1991 Morphologie und Strömungsverhältnisse in Gebirgsbächen: Ein Verfahren zur Festlegung von Restwasserabflüssen. Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich Mitteilungen 113.

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[xiii] Bratrich C., Truffer B., Jorde K., Markard J., Meier W., Petre A., Schneider M., Wehrli B. 2004. Green hydropower: A new assessment procdure for river management. River Res. Applic. 20 865-882.

Bloesch J., Schneider M., Ortlepp J. 2005. An application of physical habitat modelling to quantify ecololgical flow for the Rheinau hydropower plant, River Rhine. Large Rivers 16, Arch Hydrobiol. Suppl 158, 305-328.

[xiv] BAFU (Hrsg.) 2021: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Schweizer Gewässer. Hydrologie, Gewässerökologie und Wasserwirtschaft. Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU, Bern. Umwelt-Wissen Nr. 2101: 134 S.

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                  von Spurenstoffen aus Kläranlagen
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publications => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) files => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) publicationsFree => protected'null' (4 chars) publicationsDoraUrl => protected'' (0 chars) publicationsDoraJson => protectedNULL publicationsSorting => protected'[{"type":"doraID","title":""},{"type":"doraJSON","title":""},{"type":"pubFre
            e","title":""}]
' (91 chars) txExtbaseType => protected'Tx_Extbase_Domain_Model_FrontendUser' (36 chars) username => protected'altermfl' (8 chars) password => protected'f4f8695e1709e5ae927a8c7237460227' (32 chars) usergroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (60 items) 00000000000768450000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=2, pid=21) title => protected'Test Gruppe 2' (13 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (1 items) 00000000000768ac0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=1, pid=21) title => protected'Test Gruppe 1' (13 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobjectmax depth (empty) uid => protected1 (integer) _localizedUid => protected1 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected1 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) uid => protected2 (integer) _localizedUid => protected2 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected2 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000768b90000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=61, pid=21) title => protected'passcode' (8 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected61 (integer) _localizedUid => protected61 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected61 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007546c0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=145, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-czech@eawag.ch' (29 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected145 (integer) _localizedUid => protected145 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected145 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007573c0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=148, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-canada@eawag.ch' (30 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected148 (integer) _localizedUid => protected148 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected148 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007573b0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=149, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-belgium@eawag.ch' (31 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected149 (integer) _localizedUid => protected149 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected149 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754620000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=150, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-australia@eawag.ch' (33 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected150 (integer) _localizedUid => protected150 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected150 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007572d0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=155, pid=21) title => protected'scientists@eawag.ch' (19 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected155 (integer) _localizedUid => protected155 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected155 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000757170000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=197, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-germany@eawag.ch' (31 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected197 (integer) _localizedUid => protected197 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected197 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754690000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=198, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-italy@eawag.ch' (29 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected198 (integer) _localizedUid => protected198 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected198 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000757030000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=219, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-finland@eawag.ch' (31 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected219 (integer) _localizedUid => protected219 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected219 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007570e0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=220, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-france@eawag.ch' (30 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected220 (integer) _localizedUid => protected220 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected220 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007546a0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=221, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-hungary@eawag.ch' (31 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected221 (integer) _localizedUid => protected221 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected221 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754510000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=223, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Dept_Eco_ResGroup_Altermatt_rw' (34 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected223 (integer) _localizedUid => protected223 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected223 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007577f0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=269, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-japan@eawag.ch' (29 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected269 (integer) _localizedUid => protected269 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected269 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000757610000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=271, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-ecuador@eawag.ch' (31 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected271 (integer) _localizedUid => protected271 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected271 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007545c0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=425, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-brazil@eawag.ch' (30 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected425 (integer) _localizedUid => protected425 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected425 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007545b0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=457, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-new.zealand@eawag.ch' (35 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected457 (integer) _localizedUid => protected457 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected457 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754460000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=458, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-malaysia@eawag.ch' (32 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected458 (integer) _localizedUid => protected458 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected458 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007544d0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=480, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-mexico@eawag.ch' (30 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected480 (integer) _localizedUid => protected480 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected480 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754480000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=491, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Dept_ECO_Teaching_rw' (24 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected491 (integer) _localizedUid => protected491 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected491 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754b70000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=545, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-united.states@eawag.ch' (37 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected545 (integer) _localizedUid => protected545 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected545 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754b20000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=546, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-united.kingdom@eawag.ch' (38 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected546 (integer) _localizedUid => protected546 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected546 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754b90000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=550, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-sweden@eawag.ch' (30 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected550 (integer) _localizedUid => protected550 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected550 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754a40000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=551, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-south.africa@eawag.ch' (36 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected551 (integer) _localizedUid => protected551 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected551 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754a30000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=554, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-spain@eawag.ch' (29 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected554 (integer) _localizedUid => protected554 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected554 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754ae0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=562, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Project_Ponds_Eutrophication_2016_ro' (40 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected562 (integer) _localizedUid => protected562 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected562 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754950000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=563, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Project_Lake_Data_Base_ro' (29 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected563 (integer) _localizedUid => protected563 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected563 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754900000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=564, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-slovenia@eawag.ch' (32 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected564 (integer) _localizedUid => protected564 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected564 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007549f0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=566, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-saudi.arabia@eawag.ch' (36 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected566 (integer) _localizedUid => protected566 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected566 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000768ae0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=573, pid=21) title => protected'switchdrive.users@eawag.ch' (26 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected573 (integer) _localizedUid => protected573 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected573 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007549a0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=595, pid=21) title => protected'foresight2030@eawag.ch' (22 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected595 (integer) _localizedUid => protected595 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected595 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754810000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=652, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Project_Programm_FG_CH_ALL_rw' (33 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected652 (integer) _localizedUid => protected652 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected652 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007548c0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=680, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Project_EcoImpact_ALL_rw' (28 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected680 (integer) _localizedUid => protected680 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected680 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007548b0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=683, pid=21) title => protected'cifs-depts.ECO@eawag.ch' (23 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected683 (integer) _localizedUid => protected683 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected683 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754f60000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=729, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Project_Lake_Data_Base_ALL_ro' (33 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected729 (integer) _localizedUid => protected729 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected729 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754fd0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=739, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-tajikistan@eawag.ch' (34 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected739 (integer) _localizedUid => protected739 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected739 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754f80000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=786, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Dept_eco_SDIR_Teaching_rw-explicit' (38 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected786 (integer) _localizedUid => protected786 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected786 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754e70000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=869, pid=21) title => protected'citizen-science@eawag.ch' (24 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected869 (integer) _localizedUid => protected869 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected869 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000768900000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=889, pid=21) title => protected'GPO_Homedir_01' (14 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected889 (integer) _localizedUid => protected889 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected889 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754e20000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=915, pid=21) title => protected'datascience@eawag.ch' (20 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected915 (integer) _localizedUid => protected915 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected915 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754e90000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=979, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Dept_eco-adm_SDIR_Groupleader_rw-explicit' (45 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected979 (integer) _localizedUid => protected979 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected979 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754d40000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=1048, pid=21) title => protected'Building DU BU' (14 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected1048 (integer) _localizedUid => protected1048 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected1048 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754d30000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=1085, pid=21) title => protected'AAC_Eawag_Department_ECO' (24 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected1085 (integer) _localizedUid => protected1085 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected1085 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754de0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=1091, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Data_Ponds_data_ALL_ro' (26 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected1091 (integer) _localizedUid => protected1091 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected1091 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000754c50000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=1108, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Archive_Eco_archive_ALL_rw' (30 chars) 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             e-name=\"text\" editable-textarea=\"entry.text\" e-form=\"rowform\">EU Mari
            e Curie research fellow, School of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.southampton.ac.uk\
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            y of Southampton<\/a>, Division of Biodiversity and Ecology, UK<\/span><\/p>
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            Leiden, Institute for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, The Netherlands<\
            /span><\/p>"},{"date":"1993","text":"MSc, Department of Biology, University
            and Veterinary School of Hanover & Institute of Biology, University of Leide
            n"},{"date":"2001","text":"<a href=\"http:\/\/pwias.ubc.ca\/\" target=\"_bla
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' (2468 chars) aboutme => protected'<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><span lang="EN-US" style
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            Eawag Fish Ecology and Evolution, </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="m
            so-ansi-language: EN-US;"><font face="Calibri" size="3">Eawag Center for Eco
            logy, Evolution & Biogeochemistry (CEEB)</font></span><font face="Times New
            Roman" size="3"> </font><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US
            " style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><font face="Calibri" size="3">Director,
            Institute of Ecology & Evolution (IEE), University of Bern </font></span><f
            ont face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm
             0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><font face="Cali
            bri" size="3">Division Head, Aquatic Ecology & Evolution, IEE, University o
            f Bern</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p><p
            style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: E
            N-US;"><font face="Calibri" size="3"> </font></span><font face="Times New R
            oman" size="3"> </font></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><b style="mso
            -bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-
            US;"><font face="Calibri" size="3">Academic & research interests</font></spa
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            ace="Calibri" size="3">I am an evolutionary ecologist. I am keen to underst
            and the evolutionary processes and ecological mechanisms by which biologica
            l diversity arises, those by which it is maintained and those by which it i
            s lost. I am studying natural and sexual selection, gene flow and interspec
            ific hybridisation, species interactions, evolutionary constraints and his
            torical contingency. I want to know how these affect variation within popul
            ations and between populations, phenotypic polymorphisms, speciation, adapt
            ive radiation, species a...
' (8486 chars) researchgroups => protected'<p> <a href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/fishec/main-focus/biodiversi
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            a href="http://www.fishecology.ch/index_EN" target="_blank">Aquatic Ecology
            & Evolution @ University of Bern</a></p>
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            on genomics </p>
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' (599 chars) backgroundImage => protected'' (0 chars) profileImage => protected'' (0 chars) hideProfileImage => protectedFALSE department => protectedSnowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\Categoryprototypepersistent entity (uid=7, pid=21) images => protectedSnowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\FileReferenceprototypepersistent entity (uid=6049, pid=21) fieldname => protected'images' (6 chars) deleted => protectedNULL tablenames => protected'sys_category' (12 chars) tableLocal => protected'sys_file' (8 chars) title => protectedNULL description => protectedNULL file => protectedSnowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\Fileprototypetransient entity originalResource => protectedNULL uid => protectedNULL _localizedUid => protectedNULL _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protectedNULL pid => protectedNULL uidLocal => protected4784 (integer) originalResource => protectedNULL uid => protected6049 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6049 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected6049 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) abbreviation => protected'Fishec' (6 chars) departmentIsShownOnProfiles => protected1 (integer) pagelink => protected202 (integer) title => protected'Fischökologie und Evolution' (28 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) parent => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\Categoryprototypepersistent entitysee above (uid=26, pid=21) uid => protected7 (integer) _localizedUid => protected7 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected7 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) role => protected'' (0 chars) identifier => protected'297eda003f677396013f67c5d71d0155' (32 chars) sociallinks => protected'https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ole_Seehausen' (50 chars) active => protected1 (integer) deletedate => protected0 (integer) expertTopics => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (4 items) 00000000000769d00000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\ExpertTopicprototypepersistent entity (uid=50, pid=21) name => protected'Fische' (6 chars) uid => protected50 (integer) _localizedUid => protected50 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected50 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000769d70000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\ExpertTopicprototypepersistent entitysee above (uid=57, pid=21) 00000000000769dc0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\ExpertTopicprototypepersistent entitysee above (uid=99, pid=21) 00000000000769ea0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Userprofiles\Domain\Model\ExpertTopicprototypepersistent entity (uid=509, pid=21) name => protected'Evolution' (9 chars) uid => protected509 (integer) _localizedUid => protected509 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected509 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) projects => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (5 items) 00000000000769c90000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Eawagprojects\Domain\Model\Projectprototypepersistent entity (uid=353, pid=302) name => protected'Speciation and adaptive radiation' (33 chars) description => protected'We investigate the mechanisms of speciation and adaptive radiation' (66 chars) media => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FileReferenceprototypepersistent entity (uid=6108, pid=302) uidLocal => protected4749 (integer) originalResource => protectedNULL uid => protected6108 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6108 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected6108 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer) projectsite => protected897 (integer) uid => protected353 (integer) _localizedUid => protected353 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected353 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer) 00000000000756300000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Eawagprojects\Domain\Model\Projectprototypepersistent entity (uid=164, pid=302) name => protected'Speciation Genomics of Alpine Whitefish' (39 chars) description => protected'Genome evolution and genomic divergence across the Swiss Alpine whitefish ra
                  diation
' (83 chars) media => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FileReferenceprototypepersistent entity (uid=2814, pid=302) uidLocal => protected3425 (integer) originalResource => protectedNULL uid => protected2814 (integer) _localizedUid => protected2814 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected2814 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer) projectsite => protected690 (integer) uid => protected164 (integer) _localizedUid => protected164 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected164 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer)
000000000007561a0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Eawagprojects\Domain\Model\Projectprototypepersistent entity (uid=360, pid=302) name => protected'Adaptation to thermal gradients' (31 chars) description => protected'We investigate the ecological and genetic basis of adaptation to elevational
                   variation in rivers and depth variation in lakes
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                  Um die aquatische Artenvielfalt und die nötigen Lebensräume zu erhalten ..
                  .
' (153 chars) media => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FileReferenceprototypepersistent entity (uid=525, pid=302) uidLocal => protected1287 (integer) originalResource => protectedNULL uid => protected525 (integer) _localizedUid => protected525 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected525 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer) projectsite => protected429 (integer) uid => protected72 (integer) _localizedUid => protected72 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected72 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer)
000000000007566b0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Eawagprojects\Domain\Model\Projectprototypepersistent entity (uid=362, pid=302) name => protected'Conservation Biology' (20 chars) description => protected'We work to combat what we consider the largest stumbling block on the way to
                   successful biodiversity management and conservation in aquatic ecosystems:
                  the lack of quantitative baseline data
' (191 chars) media => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FileReferenceprototypepersistent entity (uid=6219, pid=302) uidLocal => protected4904 (integer) originalResource => protectedNULL uid => protected6219 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6219 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected6219 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer) projectsite => protected903 (integer) uid => protected362 (integer) _localizedUid => protected362 (integer)modified _languageUid => protected0 (integer)modified _versionedUid => protected362 (integer)modified pid => protected302 (integer)
publications => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (10 items) 00000000000756ac0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=4514, pid=124) originalId => protected4514 (integer) authors => protected'Udert,&nbsp;K.&nbsp;M.; Larsen,&nbsp;T.&nbsp;A.; Biebow,&nbsp;M.; Gujer,&nbs
                  p;W.
' (80 chars) title => protected'Urea hydrolysis and precipitation dynamics in a urine-collecting system' (71 chars) journal => protected'Water Research' (14 chars) year => protected2003 (integer) volume => protected37 (integer) issue => protected'11' (2 chars) startpage => protected'2571' (4 chars) otherpage => protected'2582' (4 chars) categories => protected'urine separation; NoMix; ureolysis; precipitation; struvite; calcium phospha
                  te
' (78 chars) description => protected'Blockages caused by inorganic precipitates are a major problem of urine-coll
                  ecting systems. The trigger of precipitation is the hydrolysis of urea by ba
                  cterial urease. While the maximum amount of precipitates, i.e. the precipita
                  tion potential, can be estimated with equilibrium calculations, little is kn
                  own about the dynamics of ureolysis and precipitation. To gain insight in th
                  ese processes, we performed batch experiments with precipitated solids and s
                  tored urine from a urine-collecting system and later simulated the results w
                  ith a computer model. We found that urease-active bacteria mainly grow in th
                  e pipes and are flushed into the collection tank. Both, bacteria and free ur
                  ease, hydrolyse urea. Only few days are necessary for complete urea depletio
                  n in the collection tank. Two experiments with precipitated solids from the
                  pipes showed that precipitation sets in soon after ureolysis has started. At
                   the end of the experiments, 11% and 24% of urea was hydrolysed while the ma
                  ss concentration of newly formed precipitates already corresponded to 87% an
                  d 97% of the precipitation potential, respectively. We could simulate ureoly
                  sis and precipitation with a computer model based on the surface dislocation
                   approach. The simulations showed that struvite and octacalcium phosphate (O
                  CP) are the precipitating minerals. While struvite precipitates already at l
                  ow supersaturation, OCP precipitation starts not until a high level of super
                  saturation is reached. Since measurements and computer simulations show that
                   hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the final calcium phosphate mineral in urine soluti
                  ons, OCP is only a precursor phase which slowly transforms into HAP.
' (1664 chars) serialnumber => protected'0043-1354' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00065-4' (29 chars) uid => protected4514 (integer) _localizedUid => protected4514 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected4514 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756880000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=7578, pid=124) originalId => protected7578 (integer) authors => protected'Seehausen,&nbsp;O.; Butlin,&nbsp;R.&nbsp;K.; Keller,&nbsp;I.; Wagner,&nbsp;C
                  .&nbsp;E.; Boughman,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;W.; Hohenlohe,&nbsp;P.&nbsp;A.; Peichel,&n
                  bsp;C.&nbsp;L.; Saetre,&nbsp;G.-P.; Bank,&nbsp;C.; Brännström,&nbsp;Å.; B
                  relsford,&nbsp;A.; Clarkson,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;S.; Eroukhmanoff,&nbsp;F.; Feder,&
                  nbsp;J.&nbsp;L.; Fischer,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;C.; Foote,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;D.; Franchini
                  ,&nbsp;P.; Jiggins,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;D.; Jones,&nbsp;F.&nbsp;C.; Lindholm,&nbsp;
                  A.&nbsp;K.; Lucek,&nbsp;K.; Maan,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;E.; Marques,&nbsp;D.&nbsp;A.;
                   Martin,&nbsp;S.&nbsp;H.; Matthews,&nbsp;B.; Meier,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;I.; Möst,&
                  nbsp;M.; Nachman,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;W.; Nonaka,&nbsp;E.; Rennison,&nbsp;D.&nbsp;J
                  .; Schwarzer,&nbsp;J.; Watson,&nbsp;E.&nbsp;T.; Westram,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;M.; Wi
                  dmer,&nbsp;A.
' (773 chars) title => protected'Genomics and the origin of species' (34 chars) journal => protected'Nature Reviews Genetics' (23 chars) year => protected2014 (integer) volume => protected15 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'176' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'192' (3 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Speciation is a fundamental evolutionary process, the knowledge of which is
                  crucial for understanding the origins of biodiversity. Genomic approaches ar
                  e an increasingly important aspect of this research field. We review current
                   understanding of genome-wide effects of accumulating reproductive isolation
                   and of genomic properties that influence the process of speciation. Buildin
                  g on this work, we identify emergent trends and gaps in our understanding, p
                  ropose new approaches to more fully integrate genomics into speciation resea
                  rch, translate speciation theory into hypotheses that are testable using gen
                  omic tools and provide an integrative definition of the field of speciation
                  genomics.
' (693 chars) serialnumber => protected'1471-0056' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/nrg3644' (15 chars) uid => protected7578 (integer) _localizedUid => protected7578 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected7578 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756f50000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=7832, pid=124) originalId => protected7832 (integer) authors => protected'Seehausen,&nbsp;O.; Wagner,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;E.' (43 chars) title => protected'Speciation in freshwater fishes' (31 chars) journal => protected'Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics' (52 chars) year => protected2014 (integer) volume => protected45 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'621' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'651' (3 chars) categories => protected'adaptive radiation; by-product speciation; ecological speciation; reinforcem
                  ent; species diversity; sympatric speciation
' (120 chars) description => protected'The extraordinary species richness of freshwater fishes has attracted much r
                  esearch on mechanisms and modes of speciation. We here review research on sp
                  eciation in freshwater fishes in light of speciation theory, and place this
                  in a context of broad-scale diversity patterns in freshwater fishes. We disc
                  uss several major repeated themes in freshwater fish speciation and the spec
                  iation mechanisms they are frequently associated with. These include transit
                  ions between marine and freshwater habitats, transitions between discrete fr
                  eshwater habitats, and ecological transitions within habitats, as well as sp
                  eciation without distinct niche shifts. Major research directions in the yea
                  rs to come include understanding the transition from extrinsic environment-d
                  ependent to intrinsic reproductive isolation and its influences on species p
                  ersistence and understanding the extrinsic and intrinsic constraints to spec
                  iation and how these relate to broad-scale diversification patterns through
                  time.
' (993 chars) serialnumber => protected'1543-592X' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091818' (37 chars) uid => protected7832 (integer) _localizedUid => protected7832 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected7832 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756f60000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=9049, pid=124) originalId => protected9049 (integer) authors => protected'Wagner,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;E.; Harmon,&nbsp;L.&nbsp;J.; Seehausen,&nbsp;O.' (68 chars) title => protected'Cichlid species-area relationships are shaped by adaptive radiations that sc
                  ale with area
' (89 chars) journal => protected'Ecology Letters' (15 chars) year => protected2014 (integer) volume => protected17 (integer) issue => protected'1' (1 chars) startpage => protected'583' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'592' (3 chars) categories => protected'adaptive radiation; cichlid; diversity-dependent diversification; ecological
                   limits; island biogeography; species-area relationship
' (131 chars) description => protected'A positive relationship between species richness and island size is thought
                  to emerge from an equilibrium between immigration and extinction rates, but
                  the influence of species diversification on the form of this relationship is
                   poorly understood. Here, we show that within-lake adaptive radiation strong
                  ly modifies the species-area relationship for African cichlid fishes. The to
                  tal number of species derived from <I>in situ</I> speciation increases with
                  lake size, resulting in faunas orders of magnitude higher in species richnes
                  s than faunas assembled by immigration alone. Multivariate models provide ev
                  idence for added influence of lake depth on the species-area relationship. D
                  iversity of clades representing within-lake radiations show responses to lak
                  e area, depth and energy consistent with limitation by these factors, sugges
                  ting that ecological factors influence the species richness of radiating cla
                  des within these ecosystems. Together, these processes produce lake fish fau
                  nas with highly variable composition, but with diversities that are well pre
                  dicted by environmental variables.
' (1098 chars) serialnumber => protected'1461-023X' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1111/ele.12260' (17 chars) uid => protected9049 (integer) _localizedUid => protected9049 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected9049 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756f30000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6923, pid=124) originalId => protected6923 (integer) authors => protected'Vonlanthen,&nbsp;P.; Bittner,&nbsp;D.; Hudson,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;G.; Young,&nbsp;
                  K.&nbsp;A.; Müller,&nbsp;R.; Lundsgaard-Hansen,&nbsp;B.; Roy,&nbsp;D.; Di P
                  iazza,&nbsp;S.; Largiader,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;R.; Seehausen,&nbsp;O.
' (214 chars) title => protected'Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations' (74 chars) journal => protected'Nature' (6 chars) year => protected2012 (integer) volume => protected482 (integer) issue => protected'7385' (4 chars) startpage => protected'357' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'362' (3 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Species diversity can be lost through two different but potentially interact
                  ing extinction processes: demographic decline and speciation reversal throug
                  h introgressive hybridization. To investigate the relative contribution of t
                  hese processes, we analysed historical and contemporary data of replicate wh
                  itefish radiations from 17 pre-alpine European lakes and reconstructed chang
                  es in genetic species differentiation through time using historical samples.
                   Here we provide evidence that species diversity evolved in response to ecol
                  ogical opportunity, and that eutrophication, by diminishing this opportunity
                  , has driven extinctions through speciation reversal and demographic decline
                  . Across the radiations, the magnitude of eutrophication explains the patter
                  n of species loss and levels of genetic and functional distinctiveness among
                   remaining species. We argue that extinction by speciation reversal may be m
                  ore widespread than currently appreciated. Preventing such extinctions will
                  require that conservation efforts not only target existing species but ident
                  ify and protect the ecological and evolutionary processes that generate and
                  maintain species.
' (1157 chars) serialnumber => protected'0028-0836' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/nature10824' (19 chars) uid => protected6923 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6923 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected6923 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756fc0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6949, pid=124) originalId => protected6949 (integer) authors => protected'Wagner,&nbsp;C.&nbsp;E.; Harmon,&nbsp;L.&nbsp;J.; Seehausen,&nbsp;O.' (68 chars) title => protected'Ecological opportunity and sexual selection together predict adaptive radiat
                  ion
' (79 chars) journal => protected'Nature' (6 chars) year => protected2012 (integer) volume => protected487 (integer) issue => protected'7407' (4 chars) startpage => protected'366' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'369' (3 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'A fundamental challenge to our understanding of biodiversity is to explain w
                  hy some groups of species undergo adaptive radiations, diversifying extensiv
                  ely into many and varied species, whereas others do not<sup>1,2</sup>. Both
                  extrinsic environmental factors (for example, resource availability, climate
                  ) and intrinsic lineage-specific traits (for example, behavioural or morphol
                  ogical traits, genetic architecture) influence diversification, but few stud
                  ies have addressed how such factors interact. Radiations of cichlid fishes i
                  n the African Great Lakes provide some of the most dramatic cases of species
                   diversification. However, most cichlid lineages in African lakes have not u
                  ndergone adaptive radiations. Here we compile data on cichlid colonization a
                  nd diversification in 46 African lakes, along with lake environmental featur
                  es and information about the traits of colonizing cichlid lineages, to inves
                  tigate why adaptive radiation does and does not occur. We find that extrinsi
                  c environmental factors related to ecological opportunity and intrinsic line
                  age-specific traits related to sexual selection both strongly influence whet
                  her cichlids radiate. Cichlids are more likely to radiate in deep lakes, in
                  regions with more incident solar radiation and in lakes where there has been
                   more time for diversification. Weak or negative associations between divers
                  ification and lake surface area indicate that cichlid speciation is not cons
                  trained by area, in contrast to diversification in many terrestrial taxa<sup
                  >3</sup>. Among the suite of intrinsic traits that we investigate, sexual di
                  chromatism, a surrogate for the intensity of sexual selection, is consistent
                  ly positively associated with diversification. Thus, for cichlids, it is the
                   coincidence between ecological opportunity and sexual selection that best p
                  redicts whether adaptive radiation will occur. These findings suggest that a
                  daptive radiation is predictable, but only when species traits and environme
                  ntal factors are jointly...
' (2012 chars) serialnumber => protected'0028-0836' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/nature11144' (19 chars) uid => protected6949 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6949 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected6949 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756f90000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6593, pid=124) originalId => protected6593 (integer) authors => protected'Maan,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;E.; Seehausen,&nbsp;O.' (41 chars) title => protected'Ecology, sexual selection and speciation' (40 chars) journal => protected'Ecology Letters' (15 chars) year => protected2011 (integer) volume => protected14 (integer) issue => protected'6' (1 chars) startpage => protected'591' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'602' (3 chars) categories => protected'adaptation; assortative mating; divergence; environmental heterogeneity; goo
                  d genes; magic trait; mate choice; natural selection; pleiotropy; reinforcem
                  ent
' (155 chars) description => protected'The spectacular diversity in sexually selected traits among animal taxa has
                  inspired the hypothesis that divergent sexual selection can drive speciation
                  . Unfortunately, speciation biologists often consider sexual selection in is
                  olation from natural selection, even though sexually selected traits evolve
                  in an ecological context: both preferences and traits are often subject to n
                  atural selection. Conversely, while behavioural ecologists may address ecolo
                  gical effects on sexual communication, they rarely measure the consequences
                  for population divergence. Herein, we review the empirical literature addres
                  sing the mechanisms by which natural selection and sexual selection can inte
                  ract during speciation. We find that convincing evidence for any of these sc
                  enarios is thin. However, the available data strongly support various divers
                  ifying effects that emerge from interactions between sexual selection and en
                  vironmental heterogeneity. We suggest that evaluating the evolutionary conse
                  quences of these effects requires a better integration of behavioural, ecolo
                  gical and evolutionary research.
' (1096 chars) serialnumber => protected'1461-023X' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01606.x' (32 chars) uid => protected6593 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6593 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected6593 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756fa0000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=6076, pid=124) originalId => protected6076 (integer) authors => protected'Seehausen,&nbsp;O.' (18 chars) title => protected'Ecology: Speciation affects ecosystems' (38 chars) journal => protected'Nature' (6 chars) year => protected2009 (integer) volume => protected458 (integer) issue => protected'7242' (4 chars) startpage => protected'1122' (4 chars) otherpage => protected'1123' (4 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Evidence that speciation and adaptive radiation can change the properties of
                   an ecosystem is a reminder of the pressing need to integrate ecosystems sci
                  ence and evolutionary biology.
' (182 chars) serialnumber => protected'0028-0836' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/4581122a' (16 chars) uid => protected6076 (integer) _localizedUid => protected6076 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected6076 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756e70000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=5827, pid=124) originalId => protected5827 (integer) authors => protected'Seehausen,&nbsp;O.; Terai,&nbsp;Y.; Magalhaes,&nbsp;I.&nbsp;S.; Carleton,&nb
                  sp;K.&nbsp;L.; Mrosso,&nbsp;H.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;J.; Miyagi,&nbsp;R.; van der Slu
                  ijs,&nbsp;I.; Schneider,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;V.; Maan,&nbsp;M.&nbsp;E.; Tachida,&nb
                  sp;H.; Imai,&nbsp;H.; Okada,&nbsp;N.
' (264 chars) title => protected'Speciation through sensory drive in cichlid fish' (48 chars) journal => protected'Nature' (6 chars) year => protected2008 (integer) volume => protected455 (integer) issue => protected'7285' (4 chars) startpage => protected'620' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'626' (3 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Theoretically, divergent selection on sensory systems can cause speciation t
                  hrough sensory drive. However, empirical evidence is rare and incomplete. He
                  re we demonstrate sensory drive speciation within island populations of cich
                  lid fish. We identify the ecological and molecular basis of divergent evolut
                  ion in the cichlid visual system, demonstrate associated divergence in male
                  colouration and female preferences, and show subsequent differentiation at n
                  eutral loci, indicating reproductive isolation. Evidence is replicated in se
                  veral pairs of sympatric populations and species. Variation in the slope of
                  the environmental gradients explains variation in the progress towards speci
                  ation: speciation occurs on all but the steepest gradients. This is the most
                   complete demonstration so far of speciation through sensory drive without g
                  eographical isolation. Our results also provide a mechanistic explanation fo
                  r the collapse of cichlid fish species diversity during the anthropogenic eu
                  trophication of Lake Victoria.
' (1018 chars) serialnumber => protected'0028-0836' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/nature07285' (19 chars) uid => protected5827 (integer) _localizedUid => protected5827 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected5827 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000000756e00000000016c706a3 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=5113, pid=124) originalId => protected5113 (integer) authors => protected'Joyce,&nbsp;D.&nbsp;A.; Lunt,&nbsp;D.&nbsp;H.; Bills,&nbsp;R.; Turner,&nbsp;
                  G.&nbsp;F.; Katongo,&nbsp;C.; Duftner,&nbsp;N.; Sturmbauer,&nbsp;C.; Seehaus
                  en,&nbsp;O.
' (163 chars) title => protected'An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake' (71 chars) journal => protected'Nature' (6 chars) year => protected2005 (integer) volume => protected435 (integer) issue => protected'7038' (4 chars) startpage => protected'90' (2 chars) otherpage => protected'95' (2 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'The haplochromine cichlid fish of the East African Great Lakes represent som
                  e of the fastest and most species-rich adaptive radiations known<sup>1</sup>
                  , but rivers in most of Africa accommodate only a few morphologically simila
                  r species of haplochromine cichlid fish. This has been explained by the weal
                  th of ecological opportunity in large lakes compared with rivers. It is ther
                  efore surprising that the rivers of southern Africa harbour many, ecological
                  ly diverse haplochromines. Here we present genetic, morphological and biogeo
                  graphical evidence suggesting that these riverine cichlids are products of a
                   recent adaptive radiation in a large lake that dried up in the Holocene. Ha
                  plochromine species richness peaks steeply in an area for which geological d
                  ata reveal the historical existence of Lake palaeo-Makgadikgadi<sup>2,3</sup
                  >. The centre of this extinct lake is now a saltpan north of the Kalahari De
                  sert, but it once hosted a rapidly evolving fish species radiation, comparab
                  le in morphological diversity to that in the extant African Great Lakes. Imp
                  ortantly, this lake seeded all major river systems of southern Africa with e
                  cologically diverse cichlids. This discovery reveals how local evolutionary
                  processes operating during a short window of ecological opportunity can have
                   a major and lasting effect on biodiversity on a continental scale.
' (1359 chars) serialnumber => protected'0028-0836' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1038/nature03489' (19 chars) uid => protected5113 (integer) _localizedUid => protected5113 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected5113 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
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protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected272 (integer) _localizedUid => protected272 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected272 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007576b0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=273, pid=21) title => protected'collaborations-iceland@eawag.ch' (31 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected273 (integer) _localizedUid => protected273 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected273 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 00000000000757560000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=274, pid=21) title => protected'FIS-Akad' (8 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected274 (integer) _localizedUid => protected274 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected274 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) 000000000007575d0000000016c706a3 => TYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Domain\Model\FrontendUserGroupprototypepersistent entity (uid=319, pid=21) title => protected'ACL_Dept_Dir_DIR-HO(R)D_rw' (26 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) subgroup => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) uid => protected319 (integer) _localizedUid => protected319 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected319 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer) name => protected'Ole Seehausen' (13 chars) firstName => protected'Ole' (3 chars) middleName => protected'' (0 chars) lastName => protected'Seehausen' (9 chars) address => protected'Seestrasse 79' (13 chars) telephone => protected'+41 58 765 2121' (15 chars) fax => protected'+41 58 765 2168' (15 chars) email => protected'ole.seehausen@eawag.ch' (22 chars) lockToDomain => protected'' (0 chars) title => protected'Prof. Dr.' (9 chars) zip => protected'6047' (4 chars) city => protected'Kastanienbaum' (13 chars) country => protected'Schweiz' (7 chars) www => protected'' (0 chars) company => protected'Eawag' (5 chars) image => protectedTYPO3\CMS\Extbase\Persistence\ObjectStorageprototypeobject (empty) lastlogin => protectedDateTimeprototypeobject (2000-01-01T00:00:00+01:00, 946681200)modified uid => protected210 (integer) _localizedUid => protected210 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected210 (integer)modified pid => protected21 (integer)
profileImage => 'fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/profileImages/seehauso.jpg' (64 chars) uid => '210' (3 chars)

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Florian Altermatt

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Ole Seehausen

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