The Why’s of Science Communication

“As scientists, our job does not end with making science; it ends with making science available and accessible to the common person.”
 

Since school days, I was always interested in public speaking – be it debates, hosting events, or even theatre. Apart from that, I found my passion for applied research, in water and sanitation, where I saw the potential to have an impact in the real world. Bridging these two interests of mine, was “Science Communication”; unsurprisingly, I turned out to have a natural inclination towards it. The more I looked into why it was not already a part of ‘science’ itself, the more compelled I felt in not falling into this silo. For it was the many incredible teachers and scientists that I had, who inspired me to take up the path in striving to become a good scientist. 

Climate Change – our biggest existential threat and arguably, one of the most well researched fields, suffers from the lack of clear translation of scholarly information. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) gathers some of the best minds in the field and produces three volumes of reports every six to seven years. These reports are packed with cutting edge research and scientifically robust data, all for public use. Yet, most scholarly people within the related fields hardly go through it, let alone people from other fields. The focus on maintaining scientific accuracy means that the accessibility of its contents are lost to the general public.

Most of our research contributes to either or both of these: (i) increasing the body of scientific knowledge, and (ii) contributing to the economy and/or environment. These twin goals would greatly benefit from a wider reach to the public. So, science communication is not a deviation, but rather is essential. 

First-hand evidence 

In my own PhD research, I have witnessed this first hand. My first PhD paper, that I wrote “Decentralised Sanitation in India – using Social Network Analysis” was downloaded 355 times from the publisher’s website (more people could have visited the site, or downloaded it from elsewhere, and many who downloaded the article, might not have even read it). It took me over six months, from starting to write the article to publishing it. A related blog article based on the same research, which I wrote on “Urban Sanitation Planning in India” in a newly started website called Water Science and Policy, has been viewed 5500 times. It took me two hours to write and one week for it to be ‘reviewed’ and published.  

In no way am I suggesting that one is better than the other. Each have their own merits and limitations. In fact, the value, rigor and life-time contribution of a peer-reviewed article in a decent journal is much higher than any blog or newspaper article. Nevertheless, the combination of an easily readable format based on the rigorous research article is a valuable effort, especially if scientists want to make our work more accessible. Publishing in open-source only makes our work available to the scientific community, but not necessarily accessible to everyone. Having the general public support and appreciate our work can have many tangible outcomes, such as increased awareness of our research fields, to increased budgets for scientific research.  
 

Now, that I have made my point of Why science communication is critical part of science itself, let’s look at the How’s.


Click here for the article on How to communicate science ! 

 

 

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' (327 chars) aboutme => protected'<p>My research is on water and sanitation for development. I work in the int
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             Basic Services (WABES) </span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;">Wate
            r, Sanitation and Solid Waste are inherently similar and have many interacti
            ons between their physical value chains. Integrating these offer a possibili
            ty to reap co-benefits. In two small towns in Uganda, we are testing if and
            how this could be done. This work is done with the support of SDC. </span></
            p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></p><p><span style="font-s
            tyle: italic;">2. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment and Reuse (WaterReuseLa
            b)</span><br></p><p>There is a paradigm shift in the WASH sector towards dec
            entralisation and resource recovery. Over the last five years, I have explor
            ed off-grid and semi-grid water and sanitation systems from a technical and
            social perspective. In this new project, we are researching the governance o
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            LL Labs. </p><p><br></p><p>3. <span style="font-style: italic;">Citywide In
            clusive Sanitation (CWIS)</span><br></p><p> </p><p>This research contributes
             to the conceptualisation of CWIS and the development of a planning approach
             to implement it. I collaborate with the many partners including World Bank,
             Gates Foundation, Asian Development Bank, and GIZ among others.</p><p><br><
            br>4. <span style="font-style: italic;">Scaling up WASH innovations (Lab to
            Land)</span></p><p>A number of technological innovations in the WASH sector
            already exist, but have failed to scale up and solve real world challenges.
            I ask: What should we do to bring such innovations from lab to the land. Thi
            s research is done in collaboration with TU Munich.   </p><p><br></p><p><s
            pan style="font-style: italic;">5. Climate Resilient Sanitation </span></p>
            <p>The link between sani...
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            ative","text":"<p>5 cities across Asia and Africa showcasing CWIS approach?
            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eawag.ch\/en\/department\/sandec\/e-learning\/spotli
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            Videos<\/a><\/p><p><br><...
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                  ogy
' (79 chars) journal => protected'ACS ES&T Water' (14 chars) year => protected2024 (integer) volume => protected4 (integer) issue => protected'9' (1 chars) startpage => protected'3986' (4 chars) otherpage => protected'3995' (4 chars) categories => protected'water; sanitation; SDG6; Q-method; sustainability; enterprise; LMICs' (68 chars) description => protected'Despite decades of effort, progress in safely managed sanitation─a public
                  sector mandate─is stalling due to limited public funding and poor governan
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                  countries. A total of 25 mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive barrier
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                  tical corruption. The results show that most of the identified barriers fall
                   into the financial barrier category, with reaching economies of scale being
                   the greatest obstacle for sanitation enterprises. On the basis of these res
                  ults, the premise of independent profitability underlying the sanitation ent
                  erprise value proposition should be reevaluated. Four enterprise types are p
                  roposed and can explain half of the variance among the sanitation enterprise
                  s studied. The context of a sanitation enterprise, including its countries o
                  f operation, size, customer base, sources of revenue, and section of the san
                  itation value chain, influences the barriers that the enterprise encounters.
                   This research underscores the crucial role of context in influencing barrie
                  rs for sanitation enterprises, emphasizing the need for investment and for p
                  olicy makers to take these contextual dimensions into account.
' (1886 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.1021/acsestwater.4c00274' (27 chars) uid => protected33253 (integer) _localizedUid => protected33253 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected33253 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
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                  mdes,&nbsp;S.&nbsp;C.
' (97 chars) title => protected'Citywide inclusive sanitation: aligning investments with the global sanitati
                  on and wastewater goals
' (99 chars) journal => protected'' (0 chars) year => protected2024 (integer) volume => protected0 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'16 pp.&nbsp;p' (13 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.56506/CRRI4938' (17 chars) uid => protected33263 (integer) _localizedUid => protected33263 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected33263 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000461c00e90000000079d980d9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=33224, pid=124) originalId => protected33224 (integer) authors => protected'Schelbert,&nbsp;V.; Narayan,&nbsp;A.' (36 chars) title => protected'Citywide inclusive sanitation: reviewing the state of the art' (61 chars) journal => protected'' (0 chars) year => protected2024 (integer) volume => protected0 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'43&nbsp;p' (9 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Urban sanitation is a basic service essential for public and environmental h
                  ealth. Incorporating various advances over the past two decades, the urban s
                  anitation agenda has evolved towards the paradigm shift of Citywide Inclusiv
                  e Sanitation (CWIS). Overall, CWIS aims at providing equitable and sustainab
                  le sanitation services and is closely linked to Sustainable Development Goal
                   (SDGs) 6 on clean water and sanitation and directly and indirectly benefits
                   several other SDGs. Since its inception in 2016, CWIS has evolved through v
                  arious research and implementation experiences, resulting in four conceptual
                   frameworks that redefine sanitation as a service delivery process, emphasiz
                  ing the entire sanitation value chain and the coexistence of sewered and non
                  -sewered technologies. This discussion paper draws on 77 journal articles an
                  d grey literature explicitly linked to CWIS, reviews the state of the art on
                   the topic by comparing the four prominent CWIS frameworks and by identifyin
                  g key advances, current gaps, and emerging issues to inform ways forward tow
                  ards a more unified CWIS framework.
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00000000461c00e30000000079d980d9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=32019, pid=124) originalId => protected32019 (integer) authors => protected'Narayan,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;S.; Boller,&nbsp;M.' (41 chars) title => protected'To integrate or not to integrate? Water and waste as unified basic services' (75 chars) journal => protected'PLoS Water' (10 chars) year => protected2023 (integer) volume => protected2 (integer) issue => protected'9' (1 chars) startpage => protected'e0000180 (4 pp.)' (16 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'' (0 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.1371/journal.pwat.0000180' (28 chars) uid => protected32019 (integer) _localizedUid => protected32019 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected32019 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer) 00000000461c00fd0000000079d980d9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23688, pid=124) originalId => protected23688 (integer) authors => protected'Narayan,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;S.; Maurer,&nbsp;M.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.' (58 chars) title => protected'The clean plan: analysing sanitation planning in India using the CWIS planni
                  ng framework
' (88 chars) journal => protected'Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development' (55 chars) year => protected2021 (integer) volume => protected11 (integer) issue => protected'6' (1 chars) startpage => protected'1036' (4 chars) otherpage => protected'1047' (4 chars) categories => protected'Citywide Inclusive Sanitation; CWIS planning framework; India; sanitation pl
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' (105 chars) description => protected'Sanitation in India has received national attention for over a decade, espec
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                  have been little long-term gains made in urban sanitation beyond the ending
                  of open defaecation. In this paper, we analyse the key barriers to sanitatio
                  n planning, in India, in the context of the emerging paradigm of Citywide In
                  clusive Sanitation (CWIS). A mixed method approach of shit flow diagrams, so
                  cial network analysis, policy analysis, interviews and workshops at the nati
                  onal, state (2) and city (4) levels was conducted. Eight factors were identi
                  fied as important barriers for planning including inadequate planning capaci
                  ties, lack of ownership of city sanitation plans among city governments, poo
                  r community involvement, absence of a uniform planning framework, unreliable
                   political and financial support, overlapping jurisdictions, and scheme-base
                  d funding. The paper also proposes the CWIS Planning Framework which offers
                  a perspective at overcoming these barriers with the recommendation of bridgi
                  ng top-down and bottom-up planning approaches. While there is increasingly m
                  ore clarity on what CWIS means, there is little understanding on how to plan
                   for it. Therefore, this framework provides the theoretical basis for planni
                  ng with the CWIS approach.
' (1394 chars) serialnumber => protected'2043-9083' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.2166/washdev.2021.130' (24 chars) uid => protected23688 (integer) _localizedUid => protected23688 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected23688 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
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                  de,&nbsp;L.; Tilley,&nbsp;E.; Zurbrügg,&nbsp;C.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.
' (141 chars) title => protected'Advancements in and integration of water, sanitation, and solid waste for lo
                  w- and middle-income countries
' (106 chars) journal => protected'Annual Review of Environment and Resources' (42 chars) year => protected2021 (integer) volume => protected46 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'193' (3 chars) otherpage => protected'219' (3 chars) categories => protected'water; sanitation; solid waste; integrated approach; Sustainable Development
                   Goals
' (82 chars) description => protected'The water, sanitation, and solid waste sectors are closely related and have
                  many interactions between their respective service chains in low-and middle-
                  income countries. Currently, these interactions mostly lead to cross-contami
                  nation, and opportunities for co-benefits are seldom realized. This review p
                  resents the key advancements within each of these three development sectors
                  in the past two decades. We identify numerous similarities such as decentral
                  ization, resource recovery, community involved planning, and digitalization.
                   Despite the potential for synergies and the opportunities to maximize posit
                  ive interactions, there have been few attempts to break the existing sectora
                  l silos in order to integrate these three service chains. We argue that, wit
                  h the right enabling environment, an integrated approach to holistically pla
                  nning and implementing water supply, sanitation, and solid waste management
                  can create positive interactions resulting in co-benefits among complementar
                  y development goals.
' (1008 chars) serialnumber => protected'1543-5938' (9 chars) doi => protected'10.1146/annurev-environ-030620-042304' (37 chars) uid => protected22679 (integer) _localizedUid => protected22679 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected22679 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000461c00d30000000079d980d9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=19941, pid=124) originalId => protected19941 (integer) authors => protected'Narayan,&nbsp;A.&nbsp;S.; Fischer,&nbsp;M.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.' (59 chars) title => protected'Social network analysis for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): applicati
                  on in governance of decentralized wastewater treatment in India using a nove
                  l validation methodology
' (176 chars) journal => protected'Frontiers in Environmental Science' (34 chars) year => protected2020 (integer) volume => protected7 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'198 (18 pp.)' (12 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'social network analysis; validation methodology; decentralized wastewater tr
                  eatment; mega and secondary cities; citywide inclusive sanitation
' (141 chars) description => protected'Social network analysis (SNA) is a versatile and increasingly popular method
                  ological tool to understand structures of relationships between actors invol
                  ved in governance situations. Given the complexity of the set of stakeholder
                  s involved in the governance of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and the
                   diversity of their interests, this article proposes SNA to the WASH sector.
                   The use of SNA as an appropriate diagnostic tool for planning Citywide Incl
                  usive Sanitation is explored. Missing data is a major problem for SNA in the
                   studies of governance situations, especially in low- and middle-income coun
                  tries. Therefore, a novel validation methodology for incomplete SNA data, re
                  lying on information from internal and external experts is proposed. SNA and
                   the validation method is then applied to study the governance of decentrali
                  zed wastewater treatment in four cities of India. The results corroborate ke
                  y differences between mega and secondary cities in terms of institutions, co
                  mmunity engagement and overall sanitation situation including aspects of dec
                  entralized wastewater treatment plants, based on the city types.
' (1128 chars) serialnumber => protected'' (0 chars) doi => protected'10.3389/fenvs.2019.00198' (24 chars) uid => protected19941 (integer) _localizedUid => protected19941 (integer)modified _languageUid => protectedNULL _versionedUid => protected19941 (integer)modified pid => protected124 (integer)
00000000461c00d40000000079d980d9 => Snowflake\Publications\Domain\Model\Publicationprototypepersistent entity (uid=23690, pid=124) originalId => protected23690 (integer) authors => protected'Schertenleib,&nbsp;R.; Lüthi,&nbsp;C.; Panesar,&nbsp;A.; Büürma,&nbsp;M.;
                   Kapur,&nbsp;D.; Sankara Narayan,&nbsp;A.; Pres,&nbsp;A.; Salian,&nbsp;P.; S
                  puhler,&nbsp;D.; Tempel,&nbsp;A.
' (184 chars) title => protected'A sanitation journey. Principles, approaches &amp; tools for urban sanitatio
                  n
' (77 chars) journal => protected'' (0 chars) year => protected2021 (integer) volume => protected0 (integer) issue => protected'' (0 chars) startpage => protected'79&nbsp;p' (9 chars) otherpage => protected'' (0 chars) categories => protected'' (0 chars) description => protected'Although the number of urban dwellers in the Global South with access to imp
                  roved sanitation increased significantly over the last three decades, progre
                  ss has been outpaced by rapid urban growth. The number of people in urban ar
                  eas lacking improved sanitation has steadily increased and today over 1.8 bi
                  llion urban dwellers do not use safely managed services. Progress has not on
                  ly been slow, but also uneven between different segments of the population.
                  The focus of ministries, urban authorities and financing agencies has been m
                  ostly on incremental expansion of sewers, benefitting non-poor segments of t
                  he population, and in most places, utilities have failed to provide citywide
                   services mainly because they have stayed within the sewer paradigm. [...]
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                  proach that can achieve multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goal
                  s (SDGs). <em>Abishek S. Narayan</em> and <em>Christoph Lüthi</em> at the D
                  epartment of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at t
                  he Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) in Zuri
                  ch, Switzerland, explain the concept and its implementation through current
                  projects.
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                  ater impact and is impacted by cities and human settlements?
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                  ;C.; Philip,&nbsp;L.
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                  a. Performance analysis and policy recommendations. Small‐scale sanitation
                   scaling‐up (4S) - project report vol. I
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                  xible implementation. Therefore, they have significant potential for cost‐
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                  eration and maintenance at scale.
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                   Water science, policy, and management: a global challenge
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Author

Abishek S Narayan
(Dr. Sc. ETH) Project Manager / Researcher
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5 Comments

  • Gioia

    at 28.10.2020
    Dear Abishek - Thank you.
    Since I have a scientifically curious mind without the scientific background, I appreciate your efforts very much.
  • riu

    at 02.11.2020
    Good post and point, Abishek. I agree: "... easily readable (or watchable ;-) formats based on the rigorous research article is a valuable effort, especially if scientists want to make our work more accessible". Keep up the great work!
  • Pavan

    at 04.11.2020
    Good one Abishek !
  • Pavan

    at 04.11.2020
    Dear Abishek,

    This article and your speech are very comprehensive and yet very crip, this sort of scientific communication/ information shared, for surely will attract practitioners at least more than common people, can already be called success. Appreciate the move of promoting scientists and research to be proactive to ensure their findings reach the last mile, VOICES a good initiative hope many other scientists and other organizations will follow.
    All the best and look forward to seeing more of your work.
  • Sauradeep Majumdar

    at 07.11.2020
    Very well written Abhishek...
    I hope many researchers are inspired by this and participate in science communication !!!